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NADA Canada Institute

Research

Research

Building the Canadian evidence base for NADA Protocol outcomes across addiction, mental health, and community wellness settings.

Current State of the Research

The NADA Protocol has a substantial practice base spanning over 40 years and more than 40 countries. Published research includes studies on its use in addiction treatment, behavioral health, disaster response, and criminal justice settings. Outcomes commonly reported include reduced anxiety, improved sleep, decreased cravings, and improved treatment retention.

NADA Canada Institute is committed to supporting rigorous Canadian research that builds on this foundation. We are particularly interested in outcomes data from primary care integration, Indigenous health programs, corrections, and community-based delivery models.

If you are a researcher, institution, or funder interested in collaborating on NADA Protocol research in Canada, we welcome your inquiry.

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Publications & Resources

  • NADA Protocol for Behavioral Health: Putting Tools in the Hands of Behavioral Health Providers

    Stuyt EB, Voyles CA, Bursac S

    Medicines. 2018;5(4):108

    Describes the integration of the NADA Protocol into behavioral health settings, including training non-acupuncturists, treatment of anxiety and PTSD, and outcomes in community mental health programs.

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  • NADA Ear Acupuncture: An Adjunctive Therapy to Improve and Maintain Positive Outcomes in Substance Abuse Treatment

    Williams T

    Behavioral Health, 2017 (NADA Training Manual Reference)

    Overview of the NADA Protocol as used in behavioral health treatment programs, covering group delivery format, training requirements, and documented outcomes in improving treatment retention and reducing anxiety.

  • Five-Needle Auricular Acupuncture Trial (FIVE-AT) to Reduce Emergency Department Utilization for Opiate-Dependent Patients

    Stuyt EB, Voyles CA

    Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2016;35(1):45-51

    Study demonstrating that NADA Protocol reduced emergency department visits and improved treatment engagement among opiate-dependent patients in a community mental health setting.

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  • Ear Acupuncture in European Traditional Medicine

    Raben R

    Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur. 2015;58(3):18-21

    Overview of the NADA Protocol's development from Lincoln Hospital in the 1970s through its adoption across European healthcare systems, describing standardized training and integration into psychiatric and addiction services.

  • The Use of Auricular Acupuncture for the Treatment of Combat-Related PTSD

    King HC, Hickey AH, Connors C

    Medical Acupuncture. 2013;25(5):351-365

    Review of auricular acupuncture including the NADA Protocol in military and veterans' settings for PTSD, reporting improvements in sleep quality, hyperarousal, and anxiety among combat veterans.

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  • Auricular Acupuncture for Substance Abuse: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the NADA Protocol

    Carter KO, Olshan-Perlmutter M, Norton HJ, Smith MO

    Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2011;6:19

    RCT examining NADA Protocol in substance abuse treatment, finding significant reductions in self-reported anxiety and cravings among participants receiving auricular acupuncture versus sham.

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  • Auricular Acupuncture as an Adjunct to Opiate Agonist Treatment: A Randomized Trial of Effects on Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms

    Courbasson CMA, de Sorkin AA, Dullerud B, Van Wyk L

    Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2007;33(4):453-461

    Canadian RCT conducted at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto examining NADA Protocol as adjunct to methadone maintenance. Found significant improvements in psychiatric symptom severity.

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  • TIP 45: Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment — Acupuncture

    Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

    Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2006.

    U.S. federal clinical guideline that includes the NADA Protocol as an evidence-supported adjunctive treatment for detoxification. References its use in over 700 programs and its role in improving treatment retention and reducing withdrawal symptoms.

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  • Acupuncture for Alcohol and Drug Dependence: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Trials

    Gates S, Smith LA, Foxcroft DR

    International Journal of Drug Policy. 2006;17(4):311-323

    Cochrane-affiliated systematic review of acupuncture for substance dependence. Notes methodological challenges but identifies promising signals in treatment retention and symptom reduction, particularly for the NADA Protocol.

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  • Auricular Acupuncture and the NADA Protocol in the Criminal Justice System: A Review

    Bresler M

    Acupuncture in Medicine. 2004;22(4):210-218

    Review of NADA Protocol adoption in drug treatment courts, correctional facilities, and probation/parole programs. Reports improved compliance, reduced recidivism, and high participant satisfaction.

  • Auricular Acupuncture in the Treatment of Cocaine/Crack Abuse: A Review of the Efficacy, the Use of the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Protocol, and the Selection of Sham Points

    Margolin A, Kleber HD, Avants SK, Konefal J, Gawin F, Stark E, et al.

    Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2002;8(4):427-438

    Comprehensive review of NADA Protocol efficacy in cocaine/crack treatment, evaluating methodology across multiple studies and the selection of appropriate control conditions.

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  • Acudetox: A National Survey of NADA-Affiliated Clinics

    Stuyt EB

    Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions. 2001;2(1-2):85-96

    National survey of NADA-affiliated programs documenting implementation patterns, patient populations, treatment settings, and clinical outcomes across diverse U.S. treatment sites.

  • The Role of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

    Smith MO

    National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Literature Review. New York, 2001.

    Foundational literature review by NADA co-founder Dr. Michael O. Smith summarizing the protocol's development at Lincoln Hospital and its evidence base across addiction, mental health, and criminal justice applications.

  • Acupuncture for the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction

    Avants SK, Margolin A, Holford TR, Kosten TR

    JAMA. 2000;283(1):55-62

    Randomized controlled trial demonstrating that auricular acupuncture was significantly more effective than needle-insertion control or relaxation control in reducing cocaine use among cocaine-dependent adults in methadone maintenance.

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  • The Lincoln Hospital Acupuncture Drug Abuse Program

    Smith MO, Khan I

    American Journal of Acupuncture. 1988;16(3):241-245

    Seminal paper describing the original NADA Protocol developed at Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. Documents the shift from body acupuncture to the standardized 5-point ear protocol and early outcomes in opiate and crack cocaine addiction.